The Sad Tale of Katsuji Onishi of Pelham Manor, Detained After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
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During the evening of Sunday, December 7, 1941, the shocking news that the Japanese had attacked the Pearl Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii earlier in the day circulated throughout Pelham. As many residents were first learning of the attack, Pelham Police already were identifying Japanese Nationals who resided in Pelham. When they learned that one of those residents was making an effort to leave the country as soon as possible, they alerted Federal authorities. By midnight, the FBI picked up that resident and took him to Ellis Island where other Japanese Nationals were being held. Other Japanese Nationals living in Pelham were instructed to remain in their homes.
Katsuji Onishi of 624 James Street, Pelham Manor
One of those who was supposed to remain in his home at 624 James Street that night was Katsuji Onishi, a Japanese citizen and silk merchant trying to earn a living to support his wife and son who remained in Japan. Onishi, it seems, was caught in the worst possible circumstances. He was a citizen of the nation that had just attacked America -- a nation against which the United States would declare war the next day.
Onishi, it seems, did not heed the instructions from Pelham Police. The next day, December 8, 1941, he was swept up during a "Federal Bureau of Investigation roundup in New York City." He was taken by the FBI from an as yet unidentified New York City hotel, presumably to Ellis Island where other Japanese citizens were being herded.
About eight weeks later, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 authorizing regional U.S. military commanders to designate military areas from which "any or all persons may be excluded." This executive order was used as a pretext to exlude all people of Japanese ancestry from the entire West Coast. Soon, government "camps" were created to collect the excluded. Such camps were opened throughout the nation.
Among the many such internment camps created was the internment camp at White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. It seems from multiple sources that Katsuji Onishi was sent, first, to the internment camp at White Sulphur Springs. Onishi was "interned for the duration" at that internment camp. Circumstances may have seemed awful for Onishi, but they were about to take a turn for the worse.
624 James Street, Pelham Manor, New York in April, 2012
Where Katsuji Onishi Lived for About Two Months in the
Autumn of 1941. NOTE: Click Image to Enlarge.
Immigration Issues
Federal authorities wanted to know absolutely everything they could learn about each and every person of Japanese ancestry within the boundaries of the United States and its territories. In the case of Katsuji Onishi of the little village of Pelham Manor, the authorities discovered what they concluded were inconsistencies and troubling statements that he made to a U.S. Immigration "Board of Inquiry" when he was interviewed to enter the United States. The Feds concluded that they could prove Onishi entered the United States illegally only months before the nation of his birth attacked the United States.
In early March, 1942, a Federal Grand Jury in Utica, New York indicted Katsuji Onishi for "procuring an immigration permit by means of false and fraudulent claims and statements." At some point within the next few months, Onishi was moved to the internment camp at Fort Meade, Maryland. On November 23, 1942, Onishi was transported from the Fort Meade internment camp to Federal Court in Utica where he was arraigned before U.S. District Judge Stephen W. Brennan. Onishi pleaded not guilty. His trial was set for the December term at Utica. In the interim, Onishi was held in Madison County Jail in Wampsville, New York awaiting his trial.
Pelham Sun Article About "Kapsuji Oneshi" [sic],
a "FORMER MANORITE] Being Held on Chages
He "Falsified Immigration Statements."
FORMER MANORITE, The Pelham Sun, Nov. 27, 1942,
Vol. 32, No. 34, p. 1, col. 5. NOTE: Click Image to Enlarge.
When he first was taken into custody on December 8, 1941, Onishi had only been a resident of the Village of Pelham Manor for two months. He seems to have been a legitimate silk merchant who operated as a sole proprietorship under the name "Standard Import and Export Company." Onishi entered the United States at Rouses Point, New York from Montreal in May, 1940. Before he was admitted, he was the subject of an immigration interview on May 13, 1940 by a Board of Inquiry. Following the interview, he was granted a permit to enter the United States "to study business." That interview became the source of Onishi's woes.
The Jury Trial
Onishi's jury trial on immigration charges began on December 15, 1942. Evidence showed that during his interview before the Board of Inquiry, when asked why he wanted to enter the United States, he replied that he wanted to study American business. Additionally, when asked how long he planned to stay, he replied "three or four weeks." During the same interview, Onishi was asked whether he had engaged in any business in the United States during any previous visits. Onishi replied "no."
Further evidence elicited at trial showed that Onishi had been engaged in business rather than merely studying American business and that he had remained in the United States far longer than the "three or four weeks" he indicated in his interview. Perhaps most troubling, however, immigration authorities presented evidence that Onishi had been in the United States during 1939 and early 1940 and had engaged in the silk business as the "Standard Import and Export Company." It appeared that Onishi had lied when obtaining his entry permit in May, 1940.
On December 16, 1942, the Federal jury convicted Onishi of entering the United States in 1940 under an immigration permit obtained by false statements. The following Monday, December 21, Federal Judge Stephen W. Brennan sentenced Onishi to six months in prison. Upon completion of the prison term, Onishi was designated for return to an internment camp for the duration of the war.
Vesting Order by the U.S. Alien Property Custodian
The Federal Government was not finished with Katsuji Onishi. Proceedings were commenced against him by the Office of the Alien Property Custodian. That office had been established on March 11, 1942 by Executive Order 9095 issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt created the Office, which previously had existed during World War I as well, under authority of Section 6 of the Trading with the Enemy Act, 40 Stat. 415, 50 U.S.C. App. That statute authorized the President to appoint an "Alien Property Custodian" responsible for "receiv[ing,] . . . hold[ing], administer[ing], and account[ing] for" "all money and property in the United States due or belonging to an enemy, or ally of enemy. . . ."
On February 26, 1943, the Office of the Alien Property Custodian published in the Federal Register a "Vesting Order." The Vesting Order found that Katsuji Onishi had conducted business in the United States via two sole proprietorships "one of which is or was conducted in his own name and the other under the trade name of Standard Import and Export Company." The order vested all property of any sort located in the United States belonging to Katsuji Onishi, individually, or to either of his two sole proprietorships, in the Alien Property Custodian. The order provided that all such property vested in the Alien Property Custodian was "to be held, used, administered, liquidated, sold or otherwise dealt with in the interest of and for the benefit of the United States."
Epilogue
Katsuji Onishi was one of approximately 120,000 Japanese citizens and Japanese Americans incarcerated in internment camps during World War II. During the 1960s, Japanese Americans began what is known today as the "Redress Movement" to seek reparations and redress for the treatment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War II. In 1976, President Gerald Ford proclaimed that the internment of people of Japanese ancestry during World War II was "wrong," a "national mistake," and "shall never again be repeated."
In 1980, Congress established the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. That commission released a report entitled "Personal Justice Denied" on February 24, 1983. The report condemned the internment as unjust and motivated by racism, xenophobic ideas, and war hysteria. The commission further recommended that $20,000 in reparations be paid to each Japanese American who had suffered internment.
In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which implemented the recommendations of the commission. It provided for reparation payments of $20,000 to each surviving detainee, totaling $1.2 billion. Thereafter, on September 27, 1992, President George H. W. Bush signed into law the Civil Liberties Act Amendments of 1992, appropriating an additional $400 million in an effort to ensure that all remaining detainees received their $20,000 payments.
Following Katsuji Onishi's sentencing and the publication of the Vesting Order on February 26, 1943, Onishi's trail goes cold. Research has revealed no further information about what happened to the man who once chose Pelham Manor as his home at a time when the world went to war. We are left to wonder about the eventual fates of Onishi, his wife, and son.
Example of an Official Notice of Exclusion and Removal
Containing "INSTRUCTIONS TO ALL PERSONS OF
JAPANESE ANCESTRY" Dated April 1, 1942 During World War II.
Source: National Archives and Records Administration, ARC
Identifier 536017. NOTE: Click On Image To Enlarge.
* * * * *
Below are numerous transcriptions of newspaper articles and the Vesting Order published in the Federal Register that address the trials and tribulations of Katsuji Onishi. Each is followed by a citation to its source. Links to the sources are provided when available.
"Police Nab Japanese Ready To Leave; Information Supplied By Countryman-----
Pelham police lost no time in checking up on Japanese nationals when it became known that Japan had attacked U.S. Pacific territory. Early on Sunday evening the police had ascertained that there were only three Japanese families residing in the town, all of them in Pelham Manor. From one of those individuals the Pelham Manor police gained information that J. Tomohiko Midzuno, of No. 472 Manor Lane, was making plans to return to Japan. Chief James McCaffrey immediately notified the sheriff's office, and shortly after midnight, two Federal Bureau of Investigation men came to Pelham to pick him up. In company with Lieut. Lawrence Fowler and Sergt. Charles P. Barmley the F.B.I. men took Midzuno into custody at his home, and took him to Ellis Island.
Midzuno, who is listed as general manager of the New York office of the importing firm of Morimura Bros., is said to be associated with the Japanese Consulate in New York City.
In accordance with the orders issued by Governor Herbert Lehman, the police have advised the members of the Japanese families to remain in their homes."
Source: Police Nab Japanese Ready To Leave; Information Supplied By Countryman, The Pelham Sun, Dec. 12, 1941, Vol. 31, No. 37, p. 1, cols. 7-8.
"Interned Jap Indicted by Federal Jury
A Japanese interned for the duration with other aliens at White Sulphur Springs is named in one of 12 indictments handed up by the Federal Grand Jury to Judge Bryant.
The report was the second partial one returned during this Federal Court term by the jurors, who recessed until next week, when additional cases will be considered.
The Japanese is Katsuji Onishi, whose last address was listed as a New York City hotel. He was indicted for procuring an immigration permit by means of false and fraudulent claims and statements. He entered the United States illegally at Rouses Point from Montreal. . . ."
Source: Interned Jap Indicted by Federal Jury, The Knickerbocker News [Albany, NY], Mar. 12, 1942, Second Section, p. 1, col. 3.
"Interned Japanese In Court in Utica
Interned as an enemy alien for the duration of the war at Fort Meade, Md., Katsuji Onishi, 47, of Pelham Manor, a native Japanese, was brought to Utica yesterday to face an immigration charge.
Arraigned before U.S. District Judge Stephen W. Brennan, he pleaded not guilty and his trial was set for the December term at Utica. Onishi, who has a wife and son residing in Japan, was brought to Utica by Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal Elbert Montena and lodged in Madison County Jail at Wampsville."
Source: Interned Japanese In Court in Utica, Syracuse Herald-Journal, Nov. 24, 1942, Vol. 66, No. 19379, p. 12, col. 8.
"FOR ILLEGAL ENTRY HOLD JAP IN UTICA; FORMER MANORITE
-----
A former resident of Pelham Manor, at 624 James street, Kapsuji Oneshi [sic], 47, is being held in Madison County jail at Utica, on a charge of illegally entering the United States.
It is charged that he falsified immigration statements and thereby obtained entry at Rouse's Point, N. Y., last August. He was kept under observation and subsequently placed in an internment camp.
Oneshi [sic] was one of those taken in a general roundup of Japanese after Pearl Harbor last year. He had been a resident of Pelham Manor for two months."
Source: FOR ILLEGAL ENTRY HOLD JAP IN UTICA; FORMER MANORITE, The Pelham Sun, Nov. 27, 1942, Vol. 32, No. 34, p. 1, col. 5.
"Challenges Bar Women From Jury
A jury from which three women were barrred on challenge by a New York attorney for the defendant, today is hearing, in Federal Court here, the trial of Katsuji Onishi, 47, described as a Japanese business man, on a charge of obtaining a permit to enter this country under false statements.
A similar challenge by Samuel Slote, attorney for the Japanese that men on the jury having any close relatives in the American armed forces, or any relatives that have been casualties in the war with Japan be excused, was objected to by Robert J. Leamy, assistant U. S. attorney prosecuting the case, and sustained by Justice Stephen W. Brennan.
Slote Challenges
Slote challenged such jurymen from serving on the basis of 'possible bias' against the defendant. When the case opened Judge Brennan told the jury that Onishi was on trial for having allegedly applied for and obtained an immigration permit at Montreal and Rouses Point to enter the United States about May 13, 1940, knowing that the permit was obtained under false statement that Onishi had not previously been engaged in business in this country.
The defendant is a citizen of Japan, the court pointed out, and his case happens to come to trial at a bad time in world affairs. 'This fact does not lessen his rights as far as the statutes are concerned,' added the judge.
Six jurymen raised their hands indicating that they had relatives in the armed forces.
In denying Slote's objection to these male jurors, Judge Brennan said he assumed they would 'follow their oaths,' to decide Onishi's case fairly on the basis of the immigration charge, and without personal feelings, prejudice or sentiment.
Government Allegations
In presenting the government's case Leamy alleged that Onishi had been in this country previous to May, 1940, the time when he appeared before a special U.S. Board of Inquiry in Montreal. He said the government would show that Onishi's permit was granted, and that actually between 1939 and 1940 Onishi was in the silk business in the United States and was connected with the Standard Import and Export Company, and had admitted as much to an immigration officer before the Montreal hearing.
Slote denied the essential allegations of the government attorney, claimed that Onisihi was in the United States lawfully and that this permit contained no restrictions against being in business here. Two motions by Slote for dismissal of the case were denied by the court. One was that the indictment and bill of particulars do not set forth the facts to support a crime, and the other that if a crime was committed by Onishi it was in Canada and outside the jurisdiction of the court.
Kershner First Witness
John H. Kershner, a clerk and member of the board of inquiry which passed on the defendant's entry permit was the first witness called by the government. He quoted some questions and answers at the Montreal hearing from his stenographic record of the proceedings.
The questions and answers at the hearing pertaining to Onishi as read by Kershner from his shorthand record included:
Q--What is your reason for going to the United [States]?
A--Just to study business--raw silk--and the export of American manufactured articles to China.
Q--How long do you expect to remain?
A--A few weeks.
Q--How many?
A--Three or four.
Q--For what reason?
A--This is a good season to being in the United States.
Q--Did you do any business while there (previously)?
A--No.
Q--Were you employed by any American firms.?
A--No.
Wanted to See Quebec
Later when the witness was cross examined by Slote as to his record of the questions and answers at the hearing, Kershner said Onishi told the board of inquiry in reply to the question 'What is your reason for coming to Canada?' the Japanese is alleged to have replied that he 'wanted to see Quebec it is not far from Japan and I want to see it.'
Arthur F. O'Brien, U.S. immigration inspector and chairman of the board of inquiry at the time of the hearing was called to the stand by the prosecutor just before the noon recess. Onishi sat before the judge's bench throughout the morning. Japanese interpreter Chuyoko Tsurya was on hand."
Source: Challenges Bar Women From Jury, Utica Observer-Dispatch [Utica, NY], Dec. 15, 1942, p. 6, col. 1.
"DRAFT VIOLATOR GETS 3-YEAR TERM
-----
Utica, Dec. 15--(UP)--Donald E. Schryver, 30, Watertown radio engineer and member of Jehovah's Witnesses, today began a three-year jail sentence for violation of the selective service act. Schryver, who aroused a sharp attack from federal Judge Stephen W. Brennan, conducted his own case and attempted to prove that the draft act 'interferes' with the first amendment to the constitution.
In sentencing Schryver, Brennan said that if education is producing Schryver's type of citizenship, 'perhaps we ought to have a rendezvous with the education.'
Katsuji Oneshi [sic], a Japanese subject, was scheduled to go on trial charged with entering the country under false pretenses. He was said to have been a resident of Pelham Manor."
Source: DRAFT VIOLATOR GETS 3-YEAR TERM, Dunkirk Evening Observer [Dunkirk, NY], Dec. 15, 1942, Vol. CLXXXVII, No. 68, p. 1, col. 7 (NOTE: Paid subscription required to access link).
"Jap Testifies In Federal Court Trial
-----
In a high-pitched voice not always audible to the 12-man jury, Katsuji Onishi, 47, Japanese subject and business man, on trial in Federal Court before Judge Stephen W. Brennon on an immigration violation charge, yesterday afternoon began an explanation of his business transactions in this country and his conhtacts with U. S. immigration offiials. The trial will conhtinue at 10 this morning.
Onishi, [indicted] for entering this country about May 13, 1940 from Canada on a permit allegedly based on false and fraudulent statements, submitted to questioning by the court after he showed difficulty understanding the questions of his own attorney, Samuel Slote, New York.
The court ruled out the services of Chuyoko Tsuryla, an interpreter who was in court, after Onishi claimed difficulty in explaining his understanding of questions and particularly the word 'establish.'
Studied U. S. Business
The government prosecutor, Assistant U.S. Attorney Robert J. Leamy, contended Onishi had established and carried on business in New York City prior to May 13, 1940, when Onishi, according to testimony at aq U.S. Immigration Board of Inquiry in Montreal, applied for a permit to 'study business' in the United States. The permit was granted.
Onishi said he first came to this country in 1921 and after a few months returned to Japan, then came back to the U.S. in August, 1939. His passport made out for his last entry was introduced in evidence.
Government witnesses in the afternoon included Cornelius Roach and Emil LeVin, immigration officials; Louis Duboff, manager of the credit department of the Manufacturers Trust Company, New York, who presented a photostatic record of withdrawals and deposits he said were made by Onishi; Harry Sweetbaum, president of H. Sweetbaum Company, New York silk dealers, and Grant U. Strome, immigration inspector who had a transcription of proceedings regarding Onishi's presence in this country at Ellis Island, Jan. 28, 1940.
Women Jurors Excused
Motions for dismissal of the charges against the Japanese by Slote were denied by the court. Yesterday morning when the trial began Attorney Slote challenged all three women originally drawn to hear the case and they were excused by the court. He also challenged jurymen having close relatives in the armed forces or any with relatives who have been casualties in the war with Japan. The court sustained an objection by Leamy and such jurymen were permitted to serve."
Source: Jap Testifies in Federal Court Trial, Utica Daily Press, Dec. 16, 1942, Vol. LXI, No. 239, p. 8, cols. 6-7.
"Japanese Accused Of Illegal Entry
Utica -- (UP) -- Katsuji Onishi, 47, a Japanese, stood accused today in Federal Court of entering this country illegally to carry out a lucrative silk trade, instead of 'to study business'
Onishi is charged with entering the United States from Canada May 13, 1940, on a permit allegedly based on false statements. Immigration officials have testified Onishi was in business in New York city before he went to Canada, asking a permit to re-enter the United States to carry on studies of American business."
Source: Japanese Accused of Illegal Entry, The Knickerbocker News [Albany, NY], Dec. 16, 1942, p. 12A, col. 4.
"Jap Facing Prison Term On Illegal Entry Charge
UTICA, N. Y., Dec. 17.--(AP)--Katsuji Onishi, 47, a Japanese alien convicted yesterday of entering the United States in 1940 under a permit obtained by false statements, will be sentenced in Albany Monday by Federal District Judge Stephen W. Brennan.
Onishi claimed he was an importer and exporter, and entered this country when he did 'because he liked the season.' Court records show he was apprehended in a Federal Bureau of Investigation roundup in New York City Dec. 8, 1941, and has been in an internment camp.
An interpreter was used for Onishi in Federal Court yeterday because he said he could not speak English. Arthur F. O'Brien, chairman of the board of inquiry in Montreal, Canada, through which he was granted his permit May 13, 1940, testified Onishi spoke fluent English at that time."
Source: Jap Facing Prison Term On Illegal Entry Charge, Evening Recorder [Amsterdam, NY], Dec. 17, 1942, p. 22, col. 8. See also Jap Faces Sentence for False Entry, The Knickerbocker News [Albany, NY], Dec. 17, 1942, p. 10A, col. 2 (same text).
"JAPANESE ALIEN GOES TO PRISON
For entering the United States in 1940 under a permit obtained by false statements, Katsupi [sic] Onishi, 47, of New York City, a Japanese alien, was sentenced to six months in prison by Federal Judge Stephen W. Brennan in Albany yesterday.
Onishi has been interned at Camp Meade, Md., since the start of the war with Japan."
Source: JAPANESE ALIEN GOES TO PRISON, The Times Record [Troy, NY], Dec. 22, 1942, p. 15, col. 7.
"Japanese Given 6-Month Term
Katsuji Onishi, 47, an interned Japanese, was sentenced yesterday in Federal Court to six months in prison for illegally entering the United States.
Onishi was convicted here Dec. 16 after a jury trial on a charge of entering the country from Canada in 1940 on a permit based on false statements.
He has been in an internment camp more than a year and will be returned to the camp upon completion of his sentence, a court attache said."
Source: Japanese Given 6-Month Term, Utica Daily Press, Dec. 22, 1942, p. 6, col. 2.
"[Vesting Order 764]
KATSUJI ONISHI AND STANDARD IMPORT AND EXPORT COMPANY
Under the authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended, and Executive Order No. 9095, as amended and pursuant to law, the undersigned, after investigation:
1. Finding that Katsuji Onishi is a subject of Japan interned in the United States, and therefore is a national of a designated enemy country (Japan);
2. Finding that said Katsuji Onishi owns and controls two sole proprietorships, one of which is or was conducted in his own name and the other under the trade name of Standard Import and Export Company;
3. Finding that the aforesaid sole proprietorships are business enterprises within the United States and are nationals of a designated enemy country (Japan);
4. Finding therefore that the property described as follows:
All property of any nature whatsoever situated in the United States and owned or controlled by, payable or deliverable to, or held on behalf of or on account of or owing to, the aforesaid sole proprietorships, or either of them,
is property of business enterprises within the United States which are nationals of a designated enemy country (Japan);
5. Finding that the property decribed as follows:
All property of any nature whatsoever situated in the United States and owned or controlled by, payable or deliverable to, or held on behalf of or on account of or owing to, said Katsuji Onishi, individually,
is property within the United states owned or controlled by a national of a designated enemy country (Japan);
6. Determining that to the extent that the property referred to in subparagraph 5 hereof (belonging to Katsuji Onishi as an individual and apart from the business enterprises conducted by him) constitutes cash, bullion, moneys, currencies, deposits, credits, credit instruments, foreign exchange or securities as those terms are used in Section 2 (c) of said Executive Order, it is necessary to vest the same for the maintenance or safeguarding of other property (namely, that described in subparagraph 4 hereof) belonging to the same national of the same designated enemy country and subject to vesting (and in fact vested by this order) pursuant to Section 2 of said Executive Order;
7. Determining that to the extent that such nationals are persons not within a designated enemy country, the national interest of the United States requires that such persons be treated as as nationals of the aforesaid designated enemy country (Japan);
8. Having made all determinations and taken all action, after appropriate consultation and certification, required by said Executive Order or Act or otherwise; and
9. Deeming it necessary in the national interest;
hereby vests in the Alien Property Custodian the property described in subparagraphs 4 and 5 hereof, to be held, used, administered, liquidated, sold or otherwise dealt with in the interest of and for the benefit of the United States.
Such property, and any or all of the proceeds thereof, shall be held in an appropriate special account or accounts, pending further determination of the Alien Property Custodian. This shall not be deemed to limit the powers of the Alien Property Custodian. This shall not be deemed to limit the powers of the Alien Property Custodian to return such property or the proceeds thereof, or to indicate that compensation will not be paid in lieu thereof, if and when it should be determined that such return should be made or such compensation should be paid.
Any person, except a national of a designated enemy country, asserting any claim arising as a result of this order may file with the Alien Property Custodian a notice of his claim, together with a request for a hearing thereon, on Form APC-1, within one year from the date hereof, or within such further time as may be allowed by the Alien Property Custodian. Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to constitute an admission of the existence, validity or right to allowance of any such claim.
The terms 'national,' 'designated enemy country' and 'business enterprise within the United States' as used herein shall have the meanings prescribed in section 10 of said Executive Order.
Executed at Washington, D. C., on January 25, 1943.
[SEAL]
LEO T. CROWLEY,
Alien Property Custodian.
[F. R. Doc. 43-3022; Filed, February 25, 1943; 10:34 a.m.]"
Source: Katsuji Onishi and Standard Import and Export Company, 8 Fed. Reg. 2452 (Fri., Feb. 26, 1943). See also Office of Alien Property Custodian, Annual Report for the Period March 11, 1942 to June 30, 1943, p. 112 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 112) (referencing vesting order quoted above as "Summary description of property vested . . . All of the assets of Katsuji Onishi and of the Standard Import & Export Co").
Labels: 1941, 1942, 624 James Street, Katsuji Onishi, Pearl Harbor
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