I Can't Find Native American Artifacts in Pelham, Can I?

Archive of the Historic Pelham Web Site.

Home Page of the Historic Pelham Blog.

Order a Copy of "Thomas Pell and the Legend of the Pell Treaty Oak."

We proceed with our busy lives each day.  Pelhamites commute to and from New York City.  Pelhamites open businesses each day to welcome friends and neighbors into their shops.  Moms and Dads of our little Town escort youngsters to and from our local schools.  Yes, our lives are busy.  Lives were busy in Pelham one thousand years ago (and before) as well.  

Is there any evidence of those busy Native American lives readily apparent to us today?  Is it really possible to observe evidence of early Pelhamites from many hundreds or thousands of years ago as we go about our daily lives?  

Yes.

Only recently the Principal of a local Pelham elementary school was surprised when a passerby stopped by the Principal's office and presented a very large handful of Native American artifacts found nearby.

This author has reviewed hundreds of sources from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century describing Native American sites in our region.  One day, after reviewing such site locations, I told our son and daughter we needed to go to one of those local sites and find evidence of early Pelhamites. 

It took ten minutes.

Below is an image showing the obverse and reverse of a Pelham Native American blade we found almost immediately.  

Obverse and Reverse of Pelham Native American Blade Discovered

by Blake Bell, Jennifer Bell, and Brett Bell.  NOTE:  Click on Image to Enlarge.

I have had the good fortune of being a member of a number of email lists, Facebook Groups, and other online sources that permit me the opportunity to learn of numerous local Native American artifact discoveries.  There have been many in the last few years.  Actually, a surprising number.

I can't find Native American artifacts in Pelham, can I?  Yes, actually you can, no matter where you are or what you are doing in our little Town.

Archive of the Historic Pelham Web Site.

Home Page of the Historic Pelham Blog.

Order a Copy of "Thomas Pell and the Legend of the Pell Treaty Oak."

1899 Archaeological Excavation of Native American Remains in Pelham Bay Park

Archive of the Historic Pelham Web Site.
Home Page of the Historic Pelham Blog.
Order a Copy of "Thomas Pell and the Legend of the Pell Treaty Oak."

He was a trench-digging laborer.  He had been digging trenches for nearly a month, just doing his job as an "excavator."  The work, of course, was deadly dull.  Weeks of shoveling.  Weeks of shoveling.  

On Monday, May 15, 1899, his drudgery continued.  The anonymous laborer shoveled away until he noticed something odd.  It looked like . . . small bones . . . bones of a foot . . . a human foot!  

Ecstatic, the laborer notified his supervisor, a sixteen-year-old kid.  That sixteen-year-old kid was Raymond M. Harrington, already a well-known "authority on the subject of Indian archaeology."  Harrington was superintending a project on behalf well-known anthropologist, Professor Marshall H. Saville of the American Museum of Natural History, the brains behind the excavation.

Professor Saville had known for a long time, like virtually all Pelhamites, that much of the northeastern area of Pelham Bay Park was then -- and still is -- riddled with evidence of ancient Native American occupation.  Saville assembled an excavation project in 1899 to uncover "Indian Relics."  He chose an area along City Island Road overlooking Pelham Bay near Jack's Rock, known formerly as Van Cott's Grove.  There was a knoll there.  It was a mound in an area that overlooked productive waters.  The area was rich with shell heaps.  Professor Saville had a hunch.  His hunch turned out to be correct.

In April of that year, Saville assembled a group of laborers to be overseen by young Raymond Harrington.  The plan was to begin digging five-feet-wide trenches four feet deep, one after the other, contiguously, until the entire knoll had been stripped to a depth of four feet.  For about a month, the laborers dug two lengthy trenches across the knoll without uncovering anything.  Then, when about two-thirds of the third trench had been dug, one laborer discovered the foot bones. 

The bones of the human foot were only the beginning.  Slowly, an entire Native American burial was revealed with only a single item in the grave -- a "sharp stone instrument" or stone blade.  Some reports said it was clasped in the right hand.  Others said it was cradled within the right arm.  Professor Saville was able to determine that the skeleton was  that of an old man, some of whose teeth had worn down nearly to the jaw bones in which they were embedded.

Within two days, as the work expanded, a second burial was uncovered in the mound.  Though the skeleton was only partial and quite deteriorated, the grave was rich with relics that shed light on the life of inhabitants of the region long before the area in which the knoll sat became part of the Town of Pelham and, later, was annexed into New York City.  The excavators uncovered flints, pieces of pottery, antler arrow points, shells, stone net sinkers, a terrapin-back ornament, stone scraper, and a small diamond-shaped ornament of mica.

An article at the time in The World about the discoveries, brought to my attention by Jorge Santiago of the Northeast Bronx History Forum, included an interesting set of drawings of a number of the discoveries and of the first skeleton found.  I have included that image below, as well as the text of the article and several other articles about the discoveries.
*          *          *          *          *

Below is the transcribed text of a number of articles that address the archaeological excavation of Native American remains in Pelham Bay Park during April and May, 1899.  Each is followed by a citation and link to its source.

Items Found During Archaeological Excavations of Native

American Remains in Pelham Bay Park in April and May,

1899.  Source:  INDIAN RELICS FOUND IN PELHAM BAY PARK,

The World [NY, NY], May 21, 1899, p. 2, cols. 2-3.

NOTE:  Click on Image to Enlarge.

"INDIAN RELICS FOUND IN PELHAM BAY PARK

Through the efforts of Prof. Marshall H. Saville, of the Museum of Natural History, an addition of scientific value has been made to the collection within the past week.  This addition consists of bones and other relics unearthed within the limits of Greater New York in Pelham Bay Park.

The bones form the skeletons of two Indians, while the other relics are pieces of pottery, antler arrow points, shells, net sinkers, flint and mica and terrapin-back ornaments.

In years past human bones, Indian tomahawks, flint arrow points and other things indicative of an aboriginal settlement have been found in the upper part of Pelham Bay Park.  They found their way into the museum and so deeply impressed Prof. Saville that a search in the aid of science was determined upon.  The place selected is a knoll in the upper part of the park, on the shore of Le Roy Bay, near the fishing resort known as 'Jack's Rock.'

The excavations were begun more than a month ago, under the superintendency of Raymond Harrington, but there were no developments until the past week.  Then, one of the workmen came across a human foot and later unearthed nearly an entire skeleton of an Indian.

This, with a second one which was found on Wednesday, together with scores of small implements and trinkets that were dug up at different places in the knoll, are new at the museum.  The skeleton will be mounted, the relics labelled, the pieces of pottery glued together and the whole placed on exhibition within another week.

In regard to the method of excavation and the scientific value of his discoveries, Prof. Saville said to a World reporter:  

'This work was begun in the interest of the study of anthropology.  In order to cover every inch of the ground we planned to dig parallel and contiguous trenches four feet deep from one side of the knoll to the other.

'Two trenches had been dug only to be filled again before our labors were rewarded.  The third trench was nearly finished when one of the laborers came across a human foot.  I ordered the workers to proceed with care, and handful after handful of dirt was removed until a skeleton nearly complete was laid bare.  The skeleton was in a cramped condition, and the only other thing found in the grave was a sharp stone instrument, clasped in the right hand.  The left hand could not be found.

'An examination of the bones convinces me that the skeleton is that of a male long past middle age.  This I judge from the front teeth being worn almost even with the sockets.  I am sure that the skeleton is that of one of a tribe of Indians long since extinct, and that it had lain where found for more than 300 years.  I hope that it will aid materially in furnishing comparisons with the Indians of that generation, with some of later years and with those of to-day.

'The find will particularly interest the people of New York, as it was unearthed within the city limits and will show them the character of man that inhabited this section, his mode of life and the primitive utensils he used.'"

Source:  INDIAN RELICS FOUND IN PELHAM BAY PARK, The World [NY, NY], May 21, 1899, p. 2, cols. 2-3.  

"INDIAN VILLAGE UNEARTHED HERE.
-----
Skeleton of an Aboriginal Inhabitant of Greater New York Dug Up in Pelham Bay Park.
-----
BURIED 300 YEARS OR MORE.
-----
Treasure Discovered by Professor Saville and Added to the Museum of Natural History.
-----
SEARCHING THE SHELL HEAPS
-----
Many Fragments of Earthenware and Stone Implements Also Dug From Former Indian Settlement.
-----

There has just been added to the treasures of the Museum of Natural History a 'find' of the highest scientific value, in the form of the bones of an aboriginal inhabitant of Greater New York, which were unearthed on Monday in Pelham Bay Park.

The bones consist of the almost perfect skeleton of an Indian brave, and special importance attaches to the discovery on account of its affording one of the few instances of the finding of Indian bones within the city limits.

It has been known for many years that in the upper part of Pelham Bay Park there had once existed an important Indian settlement.  From time to time discoveries were made in the form of human bones, fragments of earthenware and stone implements, but the work of exploration was never conducted scientifically until it was recently taken in hand by Professor Marshall H. Saville, of the Museum of Natural History.

SELECTED KNOWL NEAR 'JACK'S ROCK.'

The spot selected by Professor Saville as most likely to repay a thorough examination was a picturesque little knoll, on the shore of Le Roy Bay, near the pretty fishing resort known as 'Jack's Rock.'  It is just off the City Island road, and about midway between that place and the railroad station at Bartow.

Judging by the enormous number of refuse shell heaps in the vicinity  of the mound, it must have formed the centre of a considerable settlement.

Professor Saville began systematic work about a month ago with a party of skilled excavators under the immediate charge of Raymond Harrington, who, although only sixteen years old, is an authority on the subject of Indian archaeology.  The plan of operations contemplated the digging of parallel and contiguous trenches, above five feet wide, from one end of the knoll to the other, so as not to leave an inch of ground within four feet of the surface unexplored.

Two of the trenches had been laboriously dug and filled in again, and two-thirds of the third had been finished on Monday afternoon, when one of the workmen discovered a human foot.  At once the utmost precautions were used, and the earth was removed bit by bit by hand, until, after several hours of hard work, a complete skeleton was revealed.

STONE KNIFE IN THE GRAVE.

In the hollow of the right arm lay a sharp stone instrument, evidently designed to serve as a knife.  This was the only object found in the grave.  

As soon as all the dirt had been brushed from the body it was photographed precisely as it was discovered, before any further examination was made.  It ws at first believed that both the hands were missing, but search revealed portions of the fingers of the right hand.  No trace was found of the left hand, and the presence of the knife gave rise to some interesting conjectures.  It was suggested that possibly the body might be that of a criminal who had been punished by the loss of a hand before execution, and that the weapon with which the mutilation was effected had been cast into the grave.

A careful examination of the bones showed them to be those of a male of advanced age, as evidenced by the teeth, which, in the front of the jaws were worn down level with the sockets.

Professor Saville said yesterday that he thought the bones had been buried at least 300 years, and possibly much longer.

The excavations on the knoll are being actively carried on, and Professor Saville and Mr. Harrington have very little doubt that many more skeletons will be found.

FRAGMENTS OF INDIAN POTTERY.

In addition to the exploration of the summit of the knoll the shell heaps in the vicinity are being thoroughly searched, and objects of high archaeological value are being daily discovered.  These consist for the most part of fragments of pottery, every shard of which, no matter how minute, is carefully preserved."

Source:  INDIAN VILLAGE UNEARTHED HERE, N.Y. Herald, May 17, 1899, p. 12, col. 1.

"BONES OF ANOTHER INDIAN FOUND.
-----
PROFESSOR SAVILLE THINKS HE HAS UNEARTHED AN ABORIGINAL VILLAGE IN PELHAM BAY PARK.

The search for archaeological specimens, which is being conducted in Pelham Bay Park by Professor Saville and Raymond Harrington, under the auspices of the Museum of Natural History, was infused with new zest yesterday by the finding of part of another skeleton, supposed to be the remains of an Indian buried there three hundred years or more ago.  On Monday a well-preserved skeleton of an Indian brave was dug up, and the uncovering of this second grave has led Professor Saville to believe that he has hit upon an ancient burying-ground and the site of an aboriginal village.  

The skeleton, or, rather, the part of one, found yesterday, was not in as good a state of preservation as the one unearthed last Monday.  Only the skull arm bones and a few of the ribs were found, and the skull was crushed, indicating that this Indian met a violent death.  From the size of the arm bones and other indications known to scientists, that person is believed to have been a woman.  The body was buried with the head north and the face to the east.  It was about six feet away from where the other skeleton lay.  In the grave were a few flints and shells, a stone scraper, a net-sinker and a small diamond-shaped ornament of mica.  The bones were cleaned and photographed and removed to the Museum, where they were placed beside the former 'find.'

Professor Saville has a force of four men at work in the trenches.  He thinks that more skeletons will be recovered in a few days."

Source:  BONES OF ANOTHER INDIAN FOUND -- PROFESSOR SAVILLE THINKS HE HAS UNEARTHED AN ABORIGINAL VILLAGE IN PELHAM BAY PARK, N.Y. Tribune, May 18, 1899, Vol. LIX, No. 19177, p. 1, col. 4.  

"INDIAN VILLAGE UNEARTHED IN PELHAM.
-----

Professor Marshall H. Saville has unearthed an Indian village in what was a part of the old town of Pelham, now a part of Greater New York.

The spot selected by Professor Saville as most likely to repay a thorough examination was a picturesque little knoll, on the shore of Le Roy Bay, near the pretty fishing resort known as 'Jack's Rock.'  It is just off the City Island road, and about midway between that place and the railroad station at Bartow.

Judging from the enormous number of refuse shell heaps in the vicinity of the mound, it must have formed the centre of a considerable settlement.

Professor Saville began systematic work about a month ago with a party of skilled excavators under the immediate charge of Raymond Harrington, who, although only sixteen years old, is an authority on the subject of Indian archaeology.  The plan of operations contemplated the digging of parallel and contiguous trenches, about five feet wide, from one end of the knoll to the other, so as not to leve an inch of ground within four feet of the surface unexplored.

Two of the trenches had been laboriously dug and filled in again, and two-thirds of the third had been finished on Monday afternoon, when one of the workmen discovered a human foot.  At once the utmost precautions were used, and the earth was removed bit by bit by hand, until, after several hours of hard work, a complete skeleton was revealed.

In the hollow of the right arm lay a sharp stone instrument, evidently designed to serve as a knife.  This was the only object found in the grave.

As soon as all the dirt had been brushed from the body it was photographed precisely as it was discovered, before any further examination was made.  It was at first believed that both the hands were missing, but search revealed portions of the fingers of the right hand.  No trace was found of the left hand, and the presence of the knife gave rise to some interesting conjectures.  It was suggested that possibly the body might be that of a criminal who had been punished by the loss of a hand before execution, and that the weapon with which the mutilation was affected [sic] had been cast into the grave.

A careful examination of the bones showed them to be those of a male of advanced age, as evidenced by the teeth, which in the front of the jaws were worn down level with the sockets.

Professor Saville said yesterday that he thought the bones had been buried at least 300 years, and possibly much longer.

The excavations on the knoll are being carried on, and Professor Saville and Mr. Harrington have very little doubt that many more skeletons will be found.

In addition to the exploration of the summit of the knoll the shell heaps in its vicinity are being thoroughly searched, and objects of high archaeological value are being daily discovered.  These consist for the most part of fragments of pottery, every shard of which, no matter how minute, is carefully preserved."

Source: INDIAN VILLAGE UNEARTHED IN PELHAM, The New Rochelle Press, May 20, 1899, p. 6, col. 2.    

"DUG UP INDIAN SKELETON.
-----
Professor Saville Unearths Many Indian Relics in Pelham Bay Park.

There has just been added to the treasures of the Museum of Natural History, a 'find' of the highest scientific value, in the form of the bones of an aboriginal inhabitant of the old Town of Pelham, which were unearthed on Monday in Pelham Bay Park.

The bones consist of the almost perfect skeleton of an Indian brave, and special importance attaches to the discovery on account of its affording one of the few instances of the finding of Indian bones within the limits of Greater New York.

It has been known for many years that in the upper part of Pelham Bay Park there had once existed an important Indian settlement.  From time to time discoveries were made in the form of human bones, fragments of earthenware and stone implements, but the work of exploration was never conducted scientifically until it was recently taken in hand by Professor Marshall H. Saville, of the Museum of Natural History.

The spot selected by Professor Saville as most likely to repay a thorough examination was a picturesque little knoll on the shore of Le Roy Bay, near the pretty fishing resort known as 'Jack's Rock.'  It is just off the City Island road, and about midway between that place and the railroad station at Bartow.

Judging by the enormous number of refuse shell heaps in the vicinity of the mound, it must have formed the centre of a considerable settlement.

Professor Saville began systematic work about a month ago with a party of skilled excavators under the immediate charge of Raymond Harrington, who, although only sixteen years old, is an authority on the subject of Indian archaeology.  The plan of operations contemplated the digging of parallel and contiguous trenches, about five feet wide, from one end of the knoll to the other, so as not to leave an inch of ground within four feet of the surface unexplored.

Two of the trenches had been laboriously dug and filled in again, and two thirds of the third had been finished on Monday afternoon, when one of the workmen discovered a human foot.  At once the utmost precautions were used, and the earth was removed bit by bit by hand, until, after several hours of hard work, a complete skeleton was revealed.

In the hollow of the right arm lay a sharp stone instrument, evidently designed to serve as a knife.  This was the only object found in the grave.

As soon as all the dirt had been brushed from the body it was photographed precisely as it was discovered before any further examination was made.  It was at first believed that both the hands were missing, but search revealed portions of the fingers of the right hand.  No trace was found of the left hand, and the presence of the knife gave rise to some interesting conjectures.  It was suggested that possibly the body might be that of a criminal who had been punished by the loss of a hand before execution, and that the weapon with which the mutilation was effected had been cast into the grave.

A careful examination of the bones showed them to be those of a male of advanced age, as evidenced by the teeth, which in the front of the jaws were worn down level with the sockets.

Professor Saville said yesterday that he thought the bones had been buried at least 300 years, and possibly much longer.

The excavations on the knoll are being actively carried on, and Professor Saville and Mr. Harrington have very little doubt that many more skeletons will be found.

In addition to the exploration of the summit of the knoll the shell heaps in its vicinity are being thoroughly searched, and objects of high archaeological value are being daily discovered.  These consist for the most part of fragments of pottery, every shard of which, no matter how minute, is carefully preserved."

Source:  DUG UP INDIAN SKELETON -- Professor Saville Unearths Many Indian Relics in Pelham Bay Park, Mount Vernon News [Mount Vernon, NY], May 25, 1899, p. 5, cols. 5-6.

Archive of the Historic Pelham Web Site.

Home Page of the Historic Pelham Blog.
Order a Copy of "Thomas Pell and the Legend of the Pell Treaty Oak."

Native American Legends of Pelham's "Rising Sun Rock" and "The Living Water" Spring

Archive of the Historic Pelham Web Site.
Home Page of the Historic Pelham Blog.
Order a Copy of "Thomas Pell and the Legend of the Pell Treaty Oak."

There once was a natural spring on the grounds of the Priory in Pelham Manor.  According to long-standing tradition, the spring was frequented by Native Americans in the region who named it "The Living Water."

The Living Water spring, according to this tradition, was an important source of fresh water that was only a few hundred feet away from "Rising Sun Rock," another important Native American site in Pelham Manor according to tradition.  Rising Sun Rock, also known as "Sunrise Rock," sat atop the high rocky knoll at the end of today's Pelhamdale Avenue near the entrance to the New York Athletic Club complex on Travers Island.  The knoll itself is known as the "Haunted Cedar Knoll," reputedly the site of ghostly war dances on moonlit nights of headless Native Americans who were killed in a terrible battle long ago.

Satellite Image from Google Maps With Arrow Showing

Location of the Rocky Knoll Known as the "Haunted Cedar

Knoll" on Which "Rising Sun Rock" Once Rested.

NOTE:  Click on Image to Enlarge.

A story long has been told that in 1801, an elderly Native American visited the nearby home of a member of the Roosevelt family and explained that he was on a pilgrimage to the Rising Sun Rock.  He claimed that he was following what long had been the custom of "Indian fighters" to ponder the rising sun from the rock to ready themselves for death.  

Rising Sun Rock, according to tradition, had a sunset counterpart located in today's Bronxville.  Native Americans purportedly paid homage to the setting sun from a rock on Gramatan Hill in Bronxville known, appropriately, as "Sunset Rock."  

The Living Water Spring, reputedly an ancient watering hole for local Native Americans, was located on the grounds of today's Priory.  The Bolton family named the spring "St. Mary's Spring" and built a quaint stone structure above the spring which formed a small lake on the grounds.  

St. Mary's Spring with Stone Structure Built by the Bolton

Family Above the Spring and the Small Lake Formed by

the Spring.  Photograph by William R. Montgomery Taken

on June 19, 1926.  Courtesy of The Office of The Historian

of the Town of Pelham.  NOTE:  Click on Image to Enlarge.

Although the spring, lake, and small stone structure built by the Boltons no longer exist, it is possible to pinpoint their location from a map published in 1914.  That map, a detail of which appears below, shows that the lake and spring were located in an area now dotted with homes along Shoreview Circle.  The small lake extended from west to east and was longer than it was wide.  The stone structure was built on the northern shore of the small lake.  (Thus, William R. Montgomery seems to have taken the photograph above while standing on the southern shore of the small lake looking across the water toward the small stone structure on the northern shore.  

Detail from 1914 Map Showing the Lake on the Priory

Estate and a Yellow Reference on the North Shore

of the Lake Indicating the Location of the Small Stone

Structure Built Above St. Mary's Spring.  Source:  Bromley,

G.W., "Pelham. New Rochelle." in Atlas of Westchester

County, N.Y. Pocket, Desk, and Automobile Edition, Vol.

I, p. 132 (NY, NY:  G. W. Bromley & Co., 1914).

NOTE:  Click on Image to Enlarge.

According to one published account, the small lake was used for ice skating during the winter by students of the Priory School for Girls during the 19th century.  The students also reportedly were fond of sledding down the long hill between the Priory and the lake in the snow.  

*          *          *          *          *

Distinguished Guests Entertained By Mrs. Birney At Historical Luncheon, The Pelham Sun, Nov. 15, 1940, p. 12, cols. 3-4 ("William R. Montgomery contributed a brief sketch of Pelham's early history touching on the early Siwanoy Indians who inhabited this part of the country and who left us as a legacy some of the most beautiful trees in the East.  Mr. Montgomery pointed out historic points of interest, such as the spring of 'Living Water,' on the grounds of Bolton Priory and the Sunrise Rock nearby where the Indians were accustomed to greet the rising sun with prayer.").

Indian Life In Pelhams Is Described At D.A.R. Meeting -- Town Historian Gives Interesting Talk At Meeting of Knapp Chapter; Indicates Indian Relics, The Pelham Sun, Oct. 26, 1934, p. 4, cols. 5-6 ("The custom of the Siwanoy Indians, who dwelt in this part of the country, was to greet the rising sun on the 'Haunted Cedar Knoll,' which is located at the entrance to the New York Athletic Club.  They awaited the setting of the sun from the Gramatan Hill in Bronxville, which was known as Sunset Rock.").  

Early History of Pelham Is Told By Historian at Pelhamwood Meeting -- William R. Montgomery Tells of Foundation of Pelham Traditions and Shows Early Views of Town, The Pelham Sun, Feb. 1, 1935, p. 6, cols. 4-5 ("He sketched briefly over the coming of the Rev. Robert Bolton to Pelham to establish Bolton Priory and Christ's Church.  In the pictures which he displayed were several interesting scenes showing the beautiful gardens on the Priory property, the old St. Mary's Spring, a favorite drinking place of the Indians. . . . Of particular interest was the story about the visit of an Indian Chief to the home of Albert J. Roosevelt, overlooking Long Island Sound in 1801.  'This member of the Siwanoy Tribe,' said Mr. Montgomery, 'made his pilgrimage to the Rising Sun Rock, on a knoll overlooking Long Island Sound, adjacent to what is now Travers Island, because this had been the custom of all Indian fighters before they went to the happy hunting grounds.'").

Lindsley, Emily Earle, The School for Girls at Bolton Priory, The Pelham Sun, Dec. 1, 1933, Vol. 24, No. 37, p. 2, cols. 4-5 ("The girls had various outdoor sports; archery, now again popular, was one, and in winter, fine coasting and skating.  St. Mary's Spring, covered by a small stone building, still standing, supplied the water for a charming little lake, down to which the joyous coasters made high speed.").  

BOLTON FAMILY SUBJECT OF TALK BY MONTGOMERY -- Town Historian Is Speaker at First in Series of Historical Mornings Sponsored by Knapp Chapter, The Pelham Sun, Jun. 10, 1938, p. 5, col. 1 ("Mr. Montgomery told his audience something of the old Spring on the Priory grounds.  This spring was called by the Indians, 'the living water.'  The Rev. Robert Bolton had a stone house built over it and called it St. Mary's Spring.").  

Archive of the Historic Pelham Web Site.

Home Page of the Historic Pelham Blog.

Order a Copy of "Thomas Pell and the Legend of the Pell Treaty Oak."