Historic Pelham

Wednesday, May 25, 2016

Did the Pell Homestead Known as "The Shrubbery" Serve as General Howe's Headquarters After the Battle of Pelham?

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We know very little about the Battle of Pelham fought on October 18, 1776 other than what Colonel John Glover described in his letter from Mile Square written on October 22, 1776. Another document created at around the same time that can help us understand a little more about the battle is the so-called "Blaskowitz Map." This map was prepared by British Engineer Charles Blaskowitz and is entitled "A survey of Frog's Neck and the rout[e] of the British Army to the 24th of October 1776, under the command of His Excellency the Honorable William Howe, General and Commander in Chief of His Majesty's forces, &ca, &ca, &ca." The map is considered by most historians and experts to be a fairly accurate depiction of the area in October, 1776 as well as a fair depiction of the progress of the Battle of Pelham on October 18, 1776.

Careful review of the Blaskowitz Map reveals the location of General William Howe's headquarters on October 18, 1776, the day of the battle. The map also shows the nearby location of the "Quarters" of General Leopold Philip de Heister who commanded the German troops engaged by the British for service against the American colonies during the war. A detail from the map showing the locations of Howe's "Headquarters" and de Heister's "Quarters" appears immediately below.

Detail from Blaskowitz Map Showing Locations of Howe's

"Headquarters" and de Heister's "Quarters" in Connection

with the Battle of Pelham on October 18, 1776. Source:

Blaskowitz, Charles, A survey of Frog's Neck and the rout[e]

of the British Army to the 24th of October 1776, under the

command of His Excellency the Honorable William Howe,

General and Commander in Chief of His Majesty's forces, &ca,

&ca, &ca. (1776) (Library of Congress Geography and Map

Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 USA; Digital Id

g3802t ar115200; Library of Congress Catalog Number gm71000648).

NOTE: Click to Enlarge Image.

At the bottom of the map detail, Split Rock Road passes structures denoted "gen l De Heister's Quarters." This is a portion of Split Rock Road that since has been closed. It crossed the Pelham Bay and Split Rock Golf Course grounds roughly in this area, then passed across an area now covered by I-95 (the New England Thruway), picking up again on the other side of today's I-95 where the roadway in the Village of Pelham Manor retains the name "Split Rock Road."

As the roadway passes de Heister's Quarters and continues toward Howe's "Head Quarters," it reaches a little jog to the right that soon reaches a fork in the roadway. At that little jog to the right are three structures denoted as "Headquarters 18 Octob r." The little jog to the right and that portion of the fork that extends to the right and out of the map detail on the right are roughly where today's Boston Post Road (which did not yet exist) sits. That portion of the fork that extends upward and out of the map detail is today's Wolfs Lane roughly where that roadway meets today's Boston Post Road.

This means that the structures denoted as Howe's "Head Quarters" were located roughly near the intersection of today's Split Rock Road and today's Boston Post Road. Only one estate was known to exist at that location at that time: The Shrubbery, a farm and home built by Joshua Pell Sr. whose son, Joshua Pell Jr. fought for the British during the Revolutionary War.

The Shrubbery, Home of Joshua Pell, Sr., Isaac Guion,

and Augustine J. Frederick Prevost Before It Burned in the

1890s. NOTE: Click on Image to Enlarge.

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Labels: 1776, Battle of Pelham, Battle of Pell's Point, General de Heister, General Howe, Lord Howe, Revolutionary War, Split Rock Road

Friday, February 19, 2016

The 600-Year Old "Lord Howe Chestnut" Tree that Once Stood in Pelham

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One of the most revered trees that ever graced our Town of Pelham was known as the "Lord Howe Chestnut." Citizens of Pelham pointed to the monstrous chestnut tree and proudly proclaimed it to be at least 600 years old. How (pun intended) the tree earned its name is fascinating.

The chestnut stood on the hill overlooking today's Friendship Field baseball complex behind the tennis courts near the southern end of the Glover Field complex. That hill, which today has a parking lot (from which steps descend to Friendship Field), is located between the Hutchinson River Parkway and Friendship Field. The chesnut tree was monumental. Late in its life, its circumference was between 35 to 40 feet. It stood 150 feet high -- the height of a 15-story building-- and had a spread of branches that was about 250 feet -- approaching the length of a modern football field.

The "Lord Howe Chestnut," ca. 1900, in a Photograph Published in
1913. Source: Cook, Harry T., The Borough of the Bronx 1639 - 1913:

Its Marvelous Development and Historical Surroundings, p. 177

(NY, NY: Published by the Author, 1913). NOTE: Click on Image to Enlarge.

Google Maps Satellite Photograph with Yellow Arrow

Showing the Approximate Location Where the Lord

Howe Chestnut Once Stood on Hill Above Today's

Friendship Field and Tennis Courts Within the Glover

Field Complex. NOTE: Click on Image to Enlarge.

The Museum of the City of New York maintains in its collections a lovely gelatin silver print of the Lord Howe Chestnut photographed in about 1900. See Museum of the City of New York, Lord Howe Chestnut [Gelatin Silver Print] (visited Feb. 13, 2016).

The Lord Howe Chestnut was named after General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, who served as Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the Revolutionary War and who led British troops during the Battle of Pelham on October 18, 1776. General Howe's association with the American chestnut, though perhaps apocryphal, has been the focus of legend in Pelham for nearly two centuries and has been mentioned in books and articles. There are, however, multiple versions of the legend.

1777 Mezzotint Depicting the Honorable Sir William Howe

After Whom the Lord Howe Chestnut Was Named.

NOTE: Click on Image to Enlarge.

The most common variation of the legend of the Lord Howe Chestnut says that a few days after the October 18, 1776 Battle of Pelham, while British and German troops remained encamped on both sides of old Boston Post Road (today's Colonial Avenue), Lord Howe gathered his officers and Loyalist citizens from the area and dined with them beneath the branches of the giant American chestnut tree. According to tradition, on that occasion General Howe told his officers and Loyalist citizens that Loyalists should not be afraid because the American Rebels "were already beaten."

A second version of the legend says that Lord Howe and his officers actually paused during the Battle of Pelham to rest beneath the branches of the giant chestnut. During their rest, according to this version of the legend, they had a brief lunch. There is, however, a competing legend that claims that Howe and his officers invaded the David J. Pell home that still stands (and has been incorporated into the home known today as Pelhamdale, 45 Iden Avenue) and lunched on the Pell family's "last turkey" as the battle continued.

A third version of the legend of the Lord Howe Chestnut goes like this. After the conclusion of the Battle of Pelham on October 18, 1776 -- after British and German troops ended their pursuit of Colonel John Glover and his American troops when the Americans crossed the Hutchinson River where today's Colonial Avenue crosses the river -- the British and German troops set up camp on both sides of old Boston Post Road (today's Colonial Avenue) stretching from the Hutchinson River to the New Rochelle border. According to this tradition, Lord Howe camped beneath the spreading branches of the massive chestnut tree that, forever after, bore his name.

A fourth version of the legend was that General Howe and his officers conducted multiple conferences beneath the branches of the ancient American chestnut tree in the days following the Battle of Pelham while the British and German troops camped in the Manor of Pelham.

Such entertaining stories, told by and to Pelhamites for nearly two centuries, ensured that the giant chestnut remained a venerated part of Pelham's proud history. The Lord Howe Chestnut actually became a tourist attraction. There are many photographs showing the tree, at an advanced age, with visitors standing proudly at its massive base.

Lord Howe Chestnut with Unidentified Visitor

at its Base in 1900. Photograph Courtesy of

The Office of The Historian of The Town of Pelham.

NOTE: Click on Image to Enlarge.

Lord Howe Chestnut with Notable Amateur Local

Historian Reginald Pelham Bolton at its Base on June 20,

1920. Photograph Courtesy of The Office of The Historian

of The Town of Pelham. NOTE: Click on Image to Enlarge.

During the early years of the 20th century, however, the Lord Howe Chestnut died. Thereafter, like the so-called "Pell Treaty Oak" on the grounds of the Bartow-Pell Mansion at about the same time, the giant chestnut lost most of its branches and also suffered through several fires that left it a shell of its former self.

What killed the Lord Howe Chestnut? Though it had survived, until the time, for nearly 600 years, something seems to have changed. Sadly, the answer is readily apparent.

At the time, the American chestnut was susceptible to a devastating fungus known as "chestnut blight." The blight was caused by an Asian bark fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica, formerly Endothia parasitica). The fungus was accidentally introduced into North America on imported Asiatic chestnut trees.

The disease was first noticed near Pelham on American chestnut trees in what was then the "New York Zoological Park," known today as the Bronx Zoo. In 1904, right before the Lord Howe Chestnut first began to suffer, New York Zoological Park chief forester Hermann Merkel estimated that by 1906 the "blight" would infect 98% of the chestnut trees in the Bronx alone. Our massive, 600-year-old historic chestnut seems to have been infected at about the same time.

Despite the blight that led to its death, the Lord Howe Chestnut already had become so stitched within the fabric of Pelham legend that during the 1920s, when the local Boy Scout program decided to design and construct a cabin to be used by Pelham Boy Scouts, the site selected for the cabin was within a few feet of the 25-feet tall remnants of the chestnut.

I have written about the Pelham Boy Scout cabin on a number of occasions. See, e.g.:

Tue., Jul. 19, 2005: Pelham's Boy Scout Cabin Near The Hutchinson River Parkway.

Mon., Oct. 31, 2005: Remnants of Pelham's Boy Scout Cabin Near The Hutchinson River Parkway.

Fri., Nov. 25, 2005: The End of Pelham's Boy Scout Cabin Near The Hutchinson River Parkway.

Built in 1925, the Pelham Boy Scout cabin once stood with the Lord Howe Chestnut on pristine and beautiful lands. Even with the Hutchinson River Parkway nearby, the cabin was still in an idyllic location unmolested by the barrage of traffic that flows constantly on the Parkway today. For about twenty years, the Boy Scout cabin was a meeting place for Pelham's Boy Scouts and was a source of pride for the entire Town of Pelham. Standing next to the cabin, of course, were the ever diminishing remnants of the once massive chestnut known as the Lord Howe Chestnut.

Remnants of the Lord Howe Chestnut Adjacent to the Pelham

Boy Scout Cabin with Three Unidentified Pelham Boy Scouts

in Front on September 11, 1926. Photograph Courtesy of The

Office of the Historian of the Town of Pelham.

NOTE: Click on Image to Enlarge.

By August 1928, it was clear that the remnants of the chestnut that were 25 feet tall and continued to tower above the Boy Scout Cabin were a risk to the safety of the young scouts. A decision was made to cut down the remnants. According to a report in the local newspaper: "The stump was cut off five feet from the ground, leaving a suitable place for the Boy Scout organization of the Pelhams to affix a marker which will permanently establish it as a memento of the early history of the Pelhams."

During the mid- to late 1940s, as traffic continued to increase on the Hutchinson River Parkway, the Boy Scout cabin was used with less frequency and was repeatedly vandalized. By 1948, it had burned to the ground. Neither it nor any remnants of the Lord Howe Chestnut remained. Indeed, all that is visible at the site today is the massive stone chimney of the Boy Scout cabin, covered with vines and vegetation, near the spot where Lord Howe and his officers reputedly dined nearly 240 years ago in the Manor of Pelham.

The Chimney of the Pelham Boy Scout Cabin

Near the Former Location of the Lord Howe

Chestnut. Photograph by the Author Taken on

October 30, 2005. NOTE: Click on Image to Enlarge.

Early Glass Negative Image of an Unidentified Painting of

the Lord Howe Chestnut. It Would Seem, Based on the

Style, that This May Be an Image of a Painting by John Shinn.

Below is the transcribed text of a couple of brief references to legends of the Lord Howe Chestnut. Each is followed by a citation and link to its source.

* * * * *

"In the woods not far from the large stone Pell mansion is the 'Lord Howe chestnut' beneath whose unbrageous branches Lord Howe and his officers lunched with a number of Westchester loyalists whom he had invited for the occasion."

Source: Cook, Harry T., The Borough of the Bronx 1639 - 1913: Its Marvelous Development and Historical Surroundings, p. 177 (NY, NY: Published by the Author, 1913).

"Lord Howe Chestnut, where Howe and his generals lunched on Oct. 18, 1776, while resting during their pursuit of the Americans. Some say that they lunched at the Pell House [i.e., the David J. Pell home that still stands and is incorporated into the home known as Pelhamdale at 45 Iden Avenue], taking the old lady's last turkey."

Source: Comfort, Randall & Nash, George W., Excursion Planned for the City History Club of New York by Randall Comfort and Dr. George W. Nash: No. IX -- Historic Bronx, p. 25 (NY, NY: City History Club of New York, 1906). See also Historical Guide to the City of New York Compiled by Frank Bergen Kelley From Original Observations and Contributions Made by Members and Friends of The City History Club of New York, p. 211 (NY, NY: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1909) (same text).

"General Howe's Tree Lowered For Safety To Scouts At Cabin
-----
Marker To Be Placed On Low Stump Remaining As Memento Of Revolutionary Days In Pelham
-----

For the safety of the lads of the Pelhams, who frequent the Boy Scout cabin on the Hutchinson River Parkway, it was necessary last week to cut down the stump of the famous General Howe's Tree, in the shadow of which the cabin was built. James Reburn, superintendent of the Pelham division of the parkway, supervised the removal of the burned out stump which stood twenty-five feet high. The stump was cut off five feet from the ground, leaving a suitable place for the Boy Scout organization of the Pelhams to affix a marker which will permanently establish it as a memento of the early history of the Pelhams. Tradition has it that the English General Howe and his officers held any conferences under the spreading branches of the huge chestnut tree.

William R. Montgomery, who is well versed in the history of the Pelhams, estimates the tree to have been 600 years old when it died several years ago. Since its death the tree has caught fire several times and branches were broken off until there was only a high stump left.

Some idea of its size at its full growth can be gained from Mr. Montgomery's estimate that the circumference of the tree was between 35 to 40 feet, its height 150 feet and the spread of its branches 250 feet.

The site for the Boy Scout cabin was chosen because of its proximity to the famous tree, the stump of which stood at one end of the cabin, an imposing sentinel of the past over-shadowing the peacetime conferences of the youth of Pelham."

Source: General Howe's Tree Lowered For Safety To Scouts At Cabin -- Marker To Be Placed On Low Stump Remaining As Memento Of Revolutionary Days In Pelham, The Pelham Sun, Aug. 17, 1928, p. 7, col. 3.

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Labels: 1776, 1900, 1920, 1925, 1948, Battle of Pelham, Battle of Pell's Point, Boy Scout Cabin, Boy Scouts, General Howe, Legend, Lord Howe, Lord Howe Chestnut, Tree

Wednesday, February 17, 2010

British Report on Killed, Wounded and Missing Soldiers During the Period the Battle of Pelham Was Fought on October 18, 1776

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For more than a century, conflict has raged over how many British soldiers were killed and wounded during the Battle of Pelham on October 18, 1776. British records suggest losses far smaller than purported eyewitness accounts from British deserters at the time of the Battle. Some have suggested that the British numbers do not truly reflect the Battle losses because the numbers do not include the German troops who fought alongside the British troops.

Below is a transcription of one such record, followed by a citation to its source.

"An abstract of the return of the killed, wounded and missing, belonging to the army under the command of Gen. Howe, from Sept. 17. to Nov. 16. inclusive. Dated Dec. 8, 1776.

In the action at Pelham Manor, Oct. 18, and in previous skirmishes from Sept. 17, inclusive.

BRITISH.

17th reg. light dragoons, 1st and 2d batt. light infantry, 2d batt. grenadiers, 4th, 27th, 28th, 38th, 55th, 57th, and 71st regiments and royal artillery, -- 2 serjeants, 11 rank and file killed; 1 field-officer, 1 captain, 1 subaltern, 3 serjeants, 1 drummer or trumpeter, 40 rank and file, wounded; 1 drummer, 3 rank and file, missing; -- including a serjeant and 3 rank and file, royal artillery, drowned in East river by the oversetting of a boat, Oct. 12, returned killed which was the whole loss of that corps.

Names of the officers killed and wounded.

1st batt. light infantry. Capt. Evelyn, of the 4th reg. mortally wounded, and dead; Lt.-Col. Musgrave, of the 40th and Lieut. Archibald Rutherford of the 22nd reg. wounded."

Source: "America: Operations of the Army Under Gen. Howe" in The Scots Magazine MDCCLXXVI, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 646 (Edinburgh, Scotland: A. Murray and J. Cochran, Printers 1776).

Please Visit the Historic Pelham Web Site
Located at http://www.historicpelham.com/.
Please Click Here for Index to All Blog Postings.

Labels: 1776, Archibald Rutherford, Battle of Pelham, General Howe, Revolutionary War, Thomas Musgrave

Historic Pelham

Wednesday, May 25, 2016

Did the Pell Homestead Known as "The Shrubbery" Serve as General Howe's Headquarters After the Battle of Pelham?

Friday, February 19, 2016

The 600-Year Old "Lord Howe Chestnut" Tree that Once Stood in Pelham

Wednesday, February 17, 2010

British Report on Killed, Wounded and Missing Soldiers During the Period the Battle of Pelham Was Fought on October 18, 1776

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